大学物理学习(六大科学学习方法)

一、学好物理的六大科学学习方法

01

掌握知识结构的相互关系

在学习新知识时要对其每一部分的微观组成进行剖析认识、理解，认真阅读课本，搞懂每个概念的原理，注意微观在宏观整体上的地位及逻辑关系。如果有时间，还可以查一查相关的历史由来，不断扩展自己知识面。

When learning new knowledge, it is necessary to analyze and understand the microscopic composition of each part, carefully read the textbook, understand the principle of each concept, and pay attention to the status and logical relationship of the microscopic in the macroscopic whole. If you have time, you can also check the relevant historical origins and continuously expand your knowledge.

02

善于运用对比的方法

我们常常是在旧的知识基础上学习新的知识。不同的知识间常有相似性、对应性、类比性等等。找出新旧知识的共性与个性，复习了旧的又学习了新的，会学得既扎实又轻松愉快。例如在机械波振动和波动中，具有十分相似的运动状态，只是相对于研究对象不同，而存在一些其他的差别。

We often learn new knowledge from old knowledge. There are often similarities, correspondences, analogies, and so on between different knowledge. Find out the commonality and personality of the new and old knowledge, review the old and learn the new, and learn both solidly and easily. For example, in mechanical wave vibrations and fluctuations, there are very similar states of motion, but there are some other differences relative to the study object.

03

不断展开自己的思维方式

抽象思维是物理学对能力的培养的一方面，但对于工科生来说，理论的升华，更需要抽象思维的能力。抽象思维的能力一般需要数学的支持《大学物理》中有许多微积分与物理概念结合的产物，因此，要想物理学得比较轻松，必须学好数学。总之抽象思维和形象思维能力的培养都很重要。

Abstract thinking is one aspect of the cultivation of ability in physics, but for engineering students, the sublimation of theory requires the ability of abstract thinking. The ability to think abstractly generally requires mathematical support There are many calculus and physical concepts in College Physics, so to make physics easier, you must learn mathematics well. In short, the cultivation of abstract thinking and image thinking ability is very important.

04

不断总结使知识条理化

在学完一章的所有内容后，及时总结出每一章的内容，画出一个思维导图，或者通过目录把所有的公式定理全部能写出来，并且能够想出相应的例题，使知识在心中能够有条理的存放，如果说对于概念还十分混淆，这样对于做题也十分困难。

After learning all the contents of a chapter, summarize the content of each chapter in time, draw a mind map, or write all the formula theorems through the table of contents, and be able to come up with corresponding examples, so that knowledge can be stored in an orderly manner in the mind, if the concept is still very confused, it is also very difficult to do the problem.

05

注意知识的外延

在物理学中，某个领域中的一个概念或者原理常常可以延伸到另一个领域中去，甚至是其他非物理领域。例如热力学的封闭系统、开放系统、熵等概念，在经济、生物领域多有运用。

In physics, a concept or principle in one field can often be extended to another, or even to other non-physical fields. For example, the concepts of closed systems, open systems, and entropy in thermodynamics are often used in the economic and biological fields.

06

学会举一反三

学物理不做习题是不可能的，但是大学物理与高中物理还是存在很大的区别，高中物理着重于技巧，每道题会存在许多的坑点，但是大学物理重在思维方式，所以做的题在精不在多。可以询问自己的物理老师精选有代表性强，概念性强，运用理论比较典型的题目，但做会这些题的根本还必须学会举一反三，尽量避免不必要的重复。做题后，遇到困难可以询问老师同学，讨论条件、结果，甚至看看是否能够一题多解。

It is impossible to learn physics without doing exercises, but there is still a big difference between college physics and high school physics, high school physics focuses on skills, and there will be many pits in each problem, but college physics focuses on the way of thinking, so the problems are not much in fine. You can ask your physics teacher to choose a representative, strong concept, and typical use of theory, but you must also learn to learn to learn from each other and avoid unnecessary repetition as much as possible. After doing the problem, when you encounter difficulties, you can ask the teacher and classmates to discuss the conditions, the results, and even see if you can solve more than one problem.

二、具体的物理方法

01

逻辑思维法

逻辑思维法主要分为两类：一是分析、综合法，二是归纳法、演绎法。

分析是把整体分解成许多小部分来研究，综合则是把各部分的研究结合起来的反向思维的升华过程。例如计算一磁场时，首先把电流分解成无穷多段的电流元，写出每个电流元的磁场，再综合起来，即运用积分求得整体电流的磁场。

归纳和演绎是从个别到一般和从一般到个别的两种相反的认识年第期方法。许多物理定律的发现都运用了这种方法。例如静电场的高斯定理的证明，先从球面内球心有一个点电荷的个别情况开始证明，直到多个电荷在任意闭合曲面内外情况下的证明，最后得出高斯定理的结论。

Logical thinking methods are mainly divided into two categories: one is analysis and synthesis method, and the other is inductive method and deductive method.

Analysis is the decomposition of the whole into many small parts to study, and synthesis is the sublimation process of reverse thinking that combines the research of various parts. For example, when calculating a magnetic field, the current is first decomposed into infinitely multi-segment current elements, the magnetic field of each current element is written, and then synthesized, that is, the magnetic field of the overall current is obtained by using the integral.

Induction and deduction are two opposing methods of epistemic yytopia from the individual to the general and from the general to the individual. Many discoveries of the laws of physics have used this method. For example, the proof of Gauss's theorem for electrostatic fields begins with the individual cases where there is a point charge in the center of the sphere, until the proof of multiple charges in the case of an arbitrarily closed surface inside and outside the surface, and finally the conclusion of Gauss's theorem is reached.

02

以物理学甚本原理为依据的甚本方法

能量转化与守恒定律贯穿在物理学的各个领域，几乎每个篇章都要讨论能量问题，其中有许多是相通的。在物理学中运用很多的是迭加法，可分为矢量迭加和标量迭加。力的迭加、位移的迭加、动的迭加、场强的迭加、磁感应强度的迭加等都属于矢量迭加并遵守矢量运算法则。功的迭加、能量的迭加、电势的迭加等则都属于标量迭加，用代数相加的方法。

The laws of energy conversion and conservation run through all the bellwethers of physics, and almost every chapter discusses energy, many of which are connected. A lot of use in physics is the method of additive, which can be divided into vector superposition and scalar superposition. The superposition of forces, the superposition of displacements, the superposition of motions, the superposition of field strength, and the superposition of magnetic induction intensity all belong to vector superposition and obey vector algorithms. The superposition of work, the superposition of energy, the superposition of electric potential, etc. all belong to scalar superposition, using algebraic addition methods.

03

物理学研究中创造性的独特思维方法

a、理模型法：物理模型是从物理事件中高度抽象出来的反映不同方面本质的简化理想物体，它既便于计算推理、探索规律、建立方程，又可以与实际事物比较后加以修正，使结果更符合实际情况。例如质点、刚体、简谐振子、理想气体、点电荷等都是一些常见的物理理想模型。

b、物理类比法：物理的类比方法是利用一种定律与另一种定律存在某种相似性，而用其中的一个说明另一个。建立在数学基础上的类比可以沟通不同领域的研究方法，可以提供解析形式与假设间的媒介，启发新的物理理想，帮助人类去了解未知的世界。德布罗意通过力学和光学的类比，引进了物质的波粒二象性。薛定谔通过力学与波动学的类比确定了子力学中力学对应于算符，量子态对应于波函数，形成了量子力学的两个重要的基本概念。

Physical model method: The physical model is a simplified ideal object that reflects the essence of different aspects from the highly abstracted physical events, which is convenient for calculating reasoning, exploring laws, establishing equations, and can be compared with actual things and corrected, so that the results are more in line with the actual situation. For example, particles, rigid bodies, simple resonators, ideal gases, point charges, etc. are some common physical ideal models.

Physical Analogy: The analogy of physics is to use the existence of some similarity between one law and another, and to use one to illustrate the other. Analogies based on mathematics can communicate research methods in different fields, can provide a medium between analytical forms and hypotheses, inspire new physical ideals, and help human beings understand the unknown world. De Broglie introduced wave-particle duality of matter through mechanical and optical analogies. Schrödinger determines through the analogy between mechanics and wave science that mechanics corresponds to operators and quantum states correspond to wave functions in submechanics, forming two important basic concepts of quantum mechanics.

三、写在最后

我的物理成绩是跌宕起伏的，初中的时候，因为物理老师十分优秀，讲述的方法通俗易懂，加上初中的物理会反复训练，题型单一，所以物理成绩算是很好的。但到了高中，因为不适应新的老师的授课方式，加上高中物理内容灵活，还存在许多坑点，也没有搞懂每个物理量的真正含义，所以做题的时候很困难，没有思路，没有做题方向，所以高中物理一直处于一个低水平状态，经常不及格，这也是我高中成绩最致命的学科。

很难过的是到了大学还要接触物理，但在前几周复习过程中，我仿佛找到了一些技巧，我也始终相信，我可以把这门很多人都觉得困难的课程学好，通过自己的不断探索和努力。我也希望你们不要放弃，在接下来的日子里，我会将物理学的每一类的知识点和学习方法都告诉大家，愿我们共同成长，一起进步！

My physics score is ups and downs, junior high school, because the physics teacher is very good, the method of telling is easy to understand, plus junior high school physics will be repeated training, the question type is single, so the physics score is very good. But in high school, because it is not adapted to the new teacher's teaching method, coupled with the flexibility of high school physics content, there are still many pits, and I have not understood the true meaning of each physical quantity, so it is very difficult to do the problem, there is no idea, there is no direction to do the problem, so the high school physics has been in a low-level state, often failing, which is also the most fatal subject in my high school grades.

It's sad that I still have to be exposed to physics in college, but in the first few weeks of revision, I seem to have found some skills, and I always believe that I can learn this course that many people find difficult, through my own continuous exploration and effort. I also hope that you will not give up, in the next few days, I will tell you everything about the knowledge points and learning methods of physics, may we grow together and progress together!

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